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TIME: Almanac 1990
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1990 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The (1991)(Time).iso
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Government
Long-form name: none.
Type: The Antarctic Treaty, signed on 1 December 1959 and
entered into force on 23 June 1961, established, for at
least 30 years, a legal framework for peaceful use, scientific
research, and suspension of territorial claims. Administration
is carried out through consultative member meetings--the
14th and last meeting was held in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
in October 1987.
Consultative (voting) members include claimant nations
(they claim portions of Antarctica as national territory
and some claims overlap) and nonclaimant nations (they have
made no claims to Antarctic territory, although the US and
USSR have reserved the right to do so and do not recognize
the claims of others); the year in parentheses indicates
when an acceding nation was voted to full consultative (voting)
status, while no date indicates an original 1959 treaty
signatory. Claimant nations are--Argentina, Australia, Chile,
France, New Zealand, Norway, and the UK. Nonclaimant nations
are--Belgium, Brazil (1983), China (1985), FRG (1981), GDR
(1987), India (1983), Italy (1987), Japan, Poland (1977),
South Africa, Uruguay (1985), US, and the USSR.
Acceding (nonvoting) members, with year of accession in
parenthesis, are--Austria (1987), Bulgaria (1978), Cuba
(1984), Czechoslovakia (1962), Denmark (1965), Finland (1984),
Greece (1987), Hungary (1984), Netherlands (1987), North
Korea (1987), Papua New Guinea (1981), Peru (1981), Romania
(1971), South Korea (1986), Spain (1982), and Sweden (1984).
Antarctic Treaty Summary: Article 1--area to be used for
peaceful purposes only and military activity, such as weapons
testing, is prohibited, but military personnel and equipment
may be used for scientific purposes; Article 2--freedom
of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue;
Article 3--free exchange of information and personnel; Article
4--does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial
claims and no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty
is in force; Article 5--prohibits nuclear explosions or
disposal of radioactive wastes; Article 6--includes under
the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60o 00' south,
but that the water areas be covered by international law;
Article 7--treaty-state observers have free access, including
aerial observation, to any area and may inspect all stations,
installations, and equipment; advance notice of all activities
and the introduction of military personnel must be given;
Article 8--allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists
by their own states; Article 9--frequent consultative meetings
take place among member nations and acceding nations given
consultative status; Article 10--treaty states will discourage
activities by any country in Antarctica that are contrary
to the treaty; Article 11--disputes to be settled peacefully
by the parties concerned or, ultimately, by the ICJ; Articles
12, 13, 14--deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending
the treaty among involved nations.
Other agreements: Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic
Marine Living Resources; Convention for the Conservation
of Antarctic Seals; a mineral resources agreement is currently
undergoing ratification by the Antarctic Treaty consultative
parties.